The Accelerator Effect, a Keynesian concept, is used to explain the level of investment in an economy. The accelerator effect refers to a positive effect on private fixed investment of the growth of the market economy. Investment is a function of changes in National Income, especially consumption. Investment is a key component of aggregate demand.
What is the Accelerator Effect?
The accelerator effect explains how investment levels are related to the rate of change of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). When there is an increase in the rate of economic growth, there will be a larger increase in the level of investment. Conversely, if there’s a decrease in the rate of economic growth, there will be a larger decrease in the level of investment.
Simply put,
When income and therefore people increase their consumption of goods, more goods will have to be produced. This expansion will require more capital to produce them if the existing stock of capital has been entirely used. If this is the case, then the investment is induced by changes in income or consumption to increase capacity. This is known as induced investment.
Businesses tend to make bigger investments than incrementally smaller ones so they have to be certain that the economic conditions can be sustained before investing. Additionally, any large investment in capital infrastructure can take years to materialize, therefore, there will be a time lag between demand and capital investment.
If National Income is constant, the investment will be consistent.
- National Income ↑ = Investment ↑
- National Income ↓ = Investment ↓
The assumption behind the Accelerator Effect is that firms will want to main a fixed capital to output ratio, meaning that if a factory uses 1 machine to produce 1000 goods, and the firms need to produce 3000 goods more, then the firm will buy 3 more machines.
Example of the Accelerator Effect
In 2021, there was a significant shortage of computer chips. This was largely due to COVID-19 where demand for automobiles, in particular, was expected to fall and manufacturers began canceling their orders. Instead, the opposite happened and demand rose. This led to an increase in investment and the Senate even passed the CHIPS for America Act, which proposes substantial financial incentives to increase the production of semiconductors in the United States.
Factors ‘Dampening’ the Accelerator Effect
1. Existing Inventory
Firms can use existing stock to make up for a temporary rise in demand. They will not add more machinery or increase capacity if they can simply use up existing stock and they don’t believe that the demand will be sustained.
2. The Capacity of Existing Machines
Firms can use the existing machinery more or for longer to increase capacity. If the existing machinery is not running at maximum capacity, factories can run machines for longer or increase shifts to make up for temporary increases in demand.
3. Business Confidence
If the firms’ forecasted demand is true, they wouldn’t need to invest in more machines.
4. Price of Machinery
Prices of machines could go up with an increase in demand, which could reduce investment in the machines.
5. The Capacity of Other Factors of Production
Even if machinery is there, skilled workers or other factors of production might not be available to make up the needed capacity.
6. Economic Life of Existing Machines
Machines might last longer than expected, therefore reducing the need for investment.
7. Contract Out
Firms can give out orders to other firms instead of buying new machines.
Implications of the Accelerator Effect
1. Volatility
Investment tends to be more volatile than economic growth. If the rate of economic growth stays the same, then the investment level will also stay the same.
2. Gross Domestic Product
Investment spending can fall even when GDP is rising. This is because if there is a fall in the rate of economic growth firms may invest less. If GDP falls then investment can fall significantly.