As officially described on the Fed’s website, “The Federal Reserve conducts the nation’s monetary policy . . . promotes the stability of the financial system [and] individual financial institutions . . . [offers] services to the banking industry and the U.S. government . . . and [conducts] consumer-focused supervision and examination.”
The Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve (known more informally as “the Fed”) is the central bank of the United States of America. It is made up of a network of 12 regional Federal Reserve banks, but the Fed’s power centers in its New York bank. It has more power than any other economic actor in the country and, by extension, in the world as a whole.
But what does this mean? This article will offer a more detailed overview of the Federal Reserve’s duties, structure, and history.
The most significant details regarding the Federal Reserve system’s structure are as follows:
- The seven members of the Federal Reserve’s Board of Governors are in charge of monetary policy: they set the discount rate and reserve requirement of banks that are members. They are appointed by the president, confirmed by the Senate, and serve 14-year terms.
- The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is in charge of open market operations: most significantly, setting the fed funds rate target (this controls interest rates).
- The Fed has several thousand commercial banks and 12 regional banks.
- Of these regional banks, the New York Fed is the most powerful: they conduct open market operations and foreign exchange transactions. The NY Fed’s president is also a permanent member of the Federal Open Markets Committee (FOMC).
Federal Reserve Assets and Liabilities
The Fed’s liabilities:
Commercial banks’ reserves, government deposits, and mostly dollar bills
The Fed’s assets:
Emergency discount loans to banks as well as government securities
Federal Reserve Policy Tools
1. Reserve Requirement
The Fed requires commercial banks to maintain a percentage of their total assets as reserves. As of January 2019, the Fed requires banks with greater than $16.3 million to retain a reserve of 3 percent of all deposits, while banks with $124.2 million on deposit must reserve 10% of deposits.
2. Discount loans to banks
The Fed acts as a lender of last resort. This tool was essential during the 2008 financial crisis when they lent extensively to banks.
3. Open Market Operations
Open market operations entail the buying and selling of securities on the open market. This is quite similar to the quantitative easing policy employed during the 2008 financial crisis.
Primary Responsibilities of the Federal Reserve
The Federal Reserve’s main duties are as follows:
1. Prevent Exploitation of Consumers
They supervise the national banking system, to prevent the exploitation of consumers. For instance, should a particular bank be deemed “too big to fail” (so to speak), it is supervised more closely by the Fed and subject to a greater reserve requirement (as described above in the “policy tools” section).
2. Maintain Stability
They sustain the stability of financial markets to limit the chances of any major financial catastrophes arising. For instance, during the financial crisis of 2008, the Fed was heavily involved in preventing this crisis from becoming another Great Depression, instituting several novel policies and tools to “nip the problem in the bud,” so to speak.
3. Banking Functions
They offer banking functions to both foreign and domestic banks as well as to the federal government. Reserve banks give loans to their members, store currency, and other key services.
4. Control Inflation
They control inflation in order to keep prices relatively steady. Their inflation target is 2% for the core inflation rate. They do so by overseeing credit and adjusting interest rates based on the risk of inflation.
Who owns the Federal Reserve?
There has been some debate on whether the Federal Reserve is owned by the U.S. government or by private banks. Interestingly, it is, in fact, a mix of both.
The Fed was created by an act of Congress for the purpose of serving the people, but it is not part of the U.S. government. It is independent and operates a bit like a private company. Member banks own stock in the federal reserve and earn dividends on their holdings, but they do not have any control or financial interest. It is the members of the Board of Governors and the FOMC (both described in the “structure” section above), selected by the U.S. government, who control the Fed’s actions.
When was the Federal Reserve created and Why?
The Fed has been around since 1913 when it was created by Congress with the goal of taking the economy and financial system to a new level of stability and endurance for the long run. This was in large part President Woodrow Wilson’s response to the Panic of 1907 (otherwise known as the “Knickerbocker Crisis”) when the New York Stock exchange fell nearly 50% from the previous year’s peak in the course of only three weeks.
Initially, the Federal Reserve banks were created “to furnish an elastic currency, to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper, [and] to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States,” among other goals. Over the subsequent century, the Fed’s goals and capacities have been legally modified by Congress to become the system we have described in this article.
U.S. government ownership in the Federal Reserve is based on the voting rights.
Many companies have dual-class shares. The common stock gets dividends whereas the other class gets no dividends but has super-voting rights.
Mark Zuckerberg and his family own the supervoting shares in Facebook. Larry Page and Sergey Brin own super-voting shares of Google