Marginal Propensity to Consume

Marginal Propensity to Consume

…to Save. Marginal Propensity to Consume Example For example, if an individual receives a $1,000 bonus on top of their normal annual salary. Now they have an extra $1,000 to…

Unemployment in India

Unemployment in India

these causes, which vary from macro-level factors (e.g. overall slow economic growth as well as population increases) to more micro-level factors (e.g. the joint family system of business). Understanding the

Economic Profit

Economic Profit

…If a company had $250,000 in revenues and $150,000 in explicit costs, its accounting profit would be $100,000. The same company also had $50,000 in implicit, or opportunity costs. Its…

Opportunity Cost

Opportunity Cost

…What you sacrifice by making a choice ÷ What you gain by making a choice Opportunity Cost Example As an example, you might use opportunity cost to help you decide…

The Lipstick Effect

the lipstick effect

For example, instead of buying expensive fur coats, women will instead purchase expensive lipstick or luxury cologne. Psychology Behind The Lipstick Effect The underlying implication is that consumers will buy

Bill of Exchange

Introduction to Bill of Exchange

the foreign buyer through the buyer’s bank. The said bill of exchange draws in duplicate as per the specified format. The bill of exchange contains the reference details of shipment,…

Availability Bias

Availability Bias

…known as the “availability heuristic.” Availability Bias Examples Here are several common and notable examples of availability bias, to help you better understand how it manifests in everyday life: 1….

The Glass-Steagall Act

Provisions in the Glass-Steagall Act

History of The Glass-Steagall Act The Glass-Steagall Act (1933) separated depository institutions aka retail banks from investment banks and limited securities, activities, and affiliations within commercial banks and securities firms….

Marginal Analysis

marginal analysis

Example Here’s one example that’s pretty easy to understand. Consider that it costs a great deal of money to fly a plane across the United States—for instance, from New York…

Money Supply

money supply

commodities, stocks & bonds. An MMMF holds only money market asset like treasury bills, commercial papers (short-term loans). For example, $100m from checking to MMMF If M1 goes down by…

Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments

…are short-term and their maturity is usually less than 1 year For example, Commercial paper, treasury bills (federal govt. debt), short-term municipal debt, re-purchase agreements (repos), euro dollars. 2. Bonds…

Asymmetric Information

asymmetric information

…to produce cheaper information (in the financial sector – companies need to disclose information). Companies are required to follow standard accounting principles, the presence of rating firms, the disclosure of…

Constant Returns to Scale

…it describes how effectively and efficiently—in other words, profitably—a particular company or business is producing its goods or services. At this point, all factors of production are variable (not fixed)…

The Substitution Effect

The Substitution Effect

…consumers and producers. Substitution Effect Example Let’s say you buy apple juice at $5 per 16-ounce bottle and orange juice at $2.50 per 16-ounce bottle. One bottle of apple juice…

Equimarginal Principle

Equimarginal Principle

…equimarginal principle states that consumers choose combinations of various goods in order to achieve maximum total utility. In other words, consumers will allocate spending their incomes across goods/services so that…

Price Elasticity of Supply

Price Elasticity of Supply

Example of perfectly elastic supply Although it is quite challenging to locate real-world examples of perfectly elastic supply, there are a few possible examples. For instance, a perfect competition labor…

Money Multiplier

money multiplier

…save some of it, and often quite a lot of it. Bad loans: If a bank lends out money to a company and then that company is forced to file…

Price Ceiling

Price Ceiling Effects

…situation by rationing supplies, decreasing production levels or lowering the quality of production, making the consumer pay extra for otherwise free elements of the good (features, options, etc.), and more….

Tariffs

Tariffs

The rates are broken down by the components and sizes of specific parts as well. For example, the general tariff rate on an imported microwave oven is 2%. Effect of…

Principles of Money And Banking

Principles of Money and Banking

…has value and inflation adversely affects value. It affects decisions on immediate or later consumption, investment, and compound interest earnings. Lenders will demand compensation for parting with their money and

Decision Fatigue

decision fatigue

…true after the buyer agrees to a price and is sitting in the financing office. At this point, he only wants to complete the deal. Buyers often agree to extras,…

Uber Price Discrimination Strategy

uber price discrimination strategy

…results in higher revenue for the firm. For example: Hotel rooms, airline tickets, professional services all offer different prices for different customers. For example: when you are paying for a…

Budget Constraint

Budget Constraint

When consumers’ income limits their consumption behaviors, this is known as a budget constraint. In other words, it’s all of the many combinations of goods/services that consumers are able to…

Contestable Market

Theory of Contestable Markets

…entrants have equal access to technology, there is a constant threat of potential entry. This continuous risk increases competition in the market since there is virtually no cost to enter…

Inferior Good

Inferior Good

…worst economic disaster since the Great Depression of 1929.” Can you guess which two stocks thrived? McDonalds and Walmart. Both companies position themselves as cost options. Examples of Inferior Good…

Seasonal Unemployment

Seasonal Unemployment

…low. 2. Agricultural work Another common example is that of many kinds of agricultural jobs. Many crops are only grown and harvested at certain points of the year. During the

The Decoy Effect

the decoy effect

…option is, therefore, a decoy serving to increase preference for the dominating option. Decoy Effect Examples For example, if we consider a set of MP3 players, consumers will generally see…

Total Revenue

Total Revenue

…does not affect it. However, most markets are imperfectly competitive. In an imperfectly competitive market, P has an inverse relationship with Q. In an imperfectly competitive market, too, price is…

Introduction to Externalities

Externalities

the good. For example, the production of steel results in pollution being released into the air, but the cost of the pollution to the environment is not reflected in the

Positive Externalities

…governments can use tax revenue to subsidize (or even make completely free) things like college education, thereby encouraging more youth to go to college. In this example, the positive externality…

Producer Surplus

Producer Surplus

…also increases. When the price of the good on the market decreases, the producer surplus likewise decreases. Producer Surplus Example Because it is essentially the same across all producers, coffee…

Consumer Surplus

Consumer Surplus

…consumer pays (“actual price”). Consumer Surplus Example Let’s apply the above formula to an example situation. Let’s say there is a consumer who is in search of a car that…

Circular Flow Model

Circular Flow of Income

…includes businesses that take on the risk of combining scarce resources to produce goods and services. This sector buys capital goods with investment and pays for the factors of production….

The Easterlin Paradox

The Easterlin Paradox

…Lot? Some Empirical Evidence”, he concluded that a country’s level of economic development (i.e., the increase in the standard of living) and level of happiness are not connected. Easterlin Paradox…

Theory of Production: Cost Theory

Theory of Production Cost Theory

…A. Fixed Cost Fixed costs are costs that do not vary with different levels of production and fixed costs exist even if the output is zero. Example: rent or salaries….

Cost-Push Inflation

Cost-Push Inflation

…order to boost price levels. This resulted in a supply shock and an increase in general prices since oil is an important component of most production processes. Since there was…